the indus valley civilization flourished around 3300 bce in the northwestern region of the indian subcontinent. major cities: harappa, mohenjo-daro. advanced urban planning with drainage systems and standardized weights. undeciphered script on seals.
more detailsperiod marked by arrival of indo-aryan peoples. composition of four vedas: rigveda, yajurveda, samaveda, atharvaveda. establishment of caste system and vedic rituals.
more detailsfounded 322 bce by chandragupta maurya. peak under emperor ashoka. spread of buddhism. extensive military campaigns. rock edicts of ashoka found across empire.
more detailsgolden age of classical india. advances in mathematics including zero and decimal system. classical sanskrit literature. kalidasa, aryabhata. temple architecture and sculpture.
more detailsmaritime empire of south india. naval dominance and trade networks. bronze sculpture and temple architecture. administrative excellence and cultural patronage.
more detailswarrior-ruled kingdoms in north india. mewar, marwar, amber regions. architectural achievements in forts and palaces. resistance against invasions.
more detailsestablished by qutubuddin aibak. multiple dynasties ruled delhi for centuries. tughlak, sayyid, lodi dynasties. islamic architecture and administration.
more detailsfounded 1526 by babur. peak under akbar and shah jahan. taj mahal construction. indo-islamic architecture and art. cultural synthesis.
more detailsmajor south indian power. sophisticated administration and architecture. hampi as capital. hindu cultural renaissance and defense against islamic expansion.
more detailsnon-cooperation movement, civil disobedience, salt march. quit india movement. major figures in freedom struggle. achievement of independence in 1947.
more detailsconstitution adopted 1950. democratic governance system. universal adult suffrage. separation of powers. fundamental rights and duties.
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